Thyroglobulin (TG)

AITD3; TGN

SPN	W444
HGNC	11764
MGI	98733
PubMed	15157556
RGD	3848
UniProt	P01266
Wiki	Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by and used entirely within the thyroid gland. In earlier literature, Tg was referred to as "colloid".Thyroglobulin should not be confused with Thyroxine-binding globulin, a carrier protein responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones in the blood.Tg is used by the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The active form of triiodothyronine, 3, 5, 3' triiodothyronine, is produced both within the thyroid gland and periphery by 5'-deiodinase (which has been referred to as tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinase.)Thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be used as a tumor marker for certain kinds of thyroid cancer. Thyroglobulin levels in the blood can also be elevated in cases of Graves' disease.

Reference

"Primary structure of human thyroglobulin deduced from the sequence of its 8448-base complementary DNA."
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"The revised 8307 base pair coding sequence of human thyroglobulin transiently expressed in eukaryotic cells."
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"DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8."
Nature 439:331-335(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Sequence of the 5'-end quarter of the human-thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid and of its deduced amino-acid sequence."
Eur. J. Biochem. 147:53-58(1985) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Structural organization of the 5' region of the thyroglobulin gene. Evidence for intron loss and 'exonization' during evolution."
J. Mol. Biol. 196:769-779(1987) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"An unusually long poly(purine)-poly(pyrimidine) sequence is located upstream from the human thyroglobulin gene."
Nucleic Acids Res. 13:5127-5144(1985) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Genomic organization of the 5' region of the human thyroglobulin gene."
Eur. J. Endocrinol. 143:789-798(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Genomic organization of the 3' region of the human thyroglobulin gene."
Thyroid 9:903-912(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Identification of a minor Tg mRNA transcript in RNA from normal and goitrous thyroids."
Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 84:R23-R26(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Hormone synthesis in human thyroglobulin: possible cleavage of the polypeptide chain at the tyrosine donor site."
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"Preferential sites of proteolytic cleavage of bovine, human and rat thyroglobulin. The use of limited proteolysis to detect solvent-exposed regions of the primary structure."
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"Characterization of hormonogenic sites in an N-terminal, cyanogen bromide fragment of human thyroglobulin."
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 320:96-105(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Glycosylation in human thyroglobulin: location of the N-linked oligosaccharide units and comparison with bovine thyroglobulin."
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 327:61-70(1996) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Characterization of the type-1 repeat from thyroglobulin, a cysteine-rich module found in proteins from different families."
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"Sulfated tyrosines of thyroglobulin are involved in thyroid hormone synthesis."
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"The hormonogenic tyrosine 5 of porcine thyroglobulin is sulfated."
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"A single chondroitin 6-sulfate oligosaccharide unit at Ser-2730 of human thyroglobulin enhances hormone formation and limits proteolytic accessibility at the carboxyl terminus. Potential insights into thyroid homeostasis and autoimmunity."
J. Biol. Chem. 281:22200-22211(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Thyroglobulin gene point mutation associated with non-endemic simple goitre."
Lancet 341:462-464(1993) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Two novel cysteine substitutions (C1263R and C1995S) of thyroglobulin cause a defect in intracellular transport of thyroglobulin in patients with congenital goiter and the variant type of adenomatous goiter."
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84:1438-1444(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Amino acid substitutions in the thyroglobulin gene are associated with susceptibility to human and murine autoimmune thyroid disease."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:15119-15124(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"A novel compound heterozygous mutation in the thyroglobulin gene resulting in congenital goitrous hypothyroidism with high serum triiodothyronine levels."
J. Hum. Genet. 51:379-382(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Congenital hypothyroidism with goitre caused by new mutations in the thyroglobulin gene."
Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 67:351-357(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Thyroglobulin gene mutations producing defective intracellular transport of thyroglobulin are associated with increased thyroidal type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase activity."
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92:1451-1457(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The p.A2215D thyroglobulin gene mutation leads to deficient synthesis and secretion of the mutated protein and congenital hypothyroidism with wide phenotype variation."
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94:2938-2944(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]