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Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)

TSP1; Thrombospondin-1p180

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a 150 - 180 kDa charter member of the thrombospondin family of extracellular matrix proteins.1 - 4 Human TSP-1 is synthesized as an 1170 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains an 18 aa signal sequence and 1152 aa mature molecule. The mature molecule has been described as containing three distinct regions that create the shape of a dumbbell. There is an intital, 140 aa N-terminal laminin G-like globular region that binds heparin (aa 19 - 258). This is followed by an extended, central collagen-binding region that contains one type C von Willebrand factor domain, plus three TSP type I and three TSP type II (or EGF-like) domains (aa 259 - 712). The type I repeats have multiple functions. They bind to type IV collagen, laminin, fibronectin and CD36.

Organism species: Homo sapiens (Human)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins W199Hu01 Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
LW199Hu71 Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KEW199Hu ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Mus musculus (Mouse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins W199Mu01 Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PW199Mu02 Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
LW199Mu71 Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KEW199Mu ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
KCW199Mu CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rattus norvegicus (Rat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins W199Ra01 Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PW199Ra02 Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KEW199Ra ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Canis familiaris; Canine (Dog)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Sus scrofa; Porcine (Pig)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Bos taurus; Bovine (Cattle)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins W199Bo01 Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies MW199Bo21 Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KEW199Bo ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rhesus monkey (Simian)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Chicken (Gallus)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Ovis aries; Ovine (Sheep)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Cavia (Guinea pig )

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Equus caballus; Equine (Horse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Capra hircus; Caprine (Goat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Pan-species (General)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Reference

"The structure of human thrombospondin, an adhesive glycoprotein with multiple calcium-binding sites and homologies with several different proteins."
J. Cell Biol. 103:1635-1648(1986) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Complete thrombospondin mRNA sequence includes potential regulatory sites in the 3' untranslated region."
J. Cell Biol. 108:729-736(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs."
Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15."
Nature 440:671-675(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Partial amino acid sequence of human thrombospondin as determined by analysis of cDNA clones: homology to malarial circumsporozoite proteins."
Biochemistry 25:8418-8425(1986) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Characterization of a cDNA encoding the heparin and collagen binding domains of human thrombospondin."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:5449-5453(1986) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Characterization of the promoter region of the human thrombospondin gene. DNA sequences within the first intron increase transcription."
J. Biol. Chem. 264:11222-11227(1989) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Thrombospondin sequence motif (CSVTCG) is responsible for CD36 binding."
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182:1208-1217(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"C-mannosylation and O-fucosylation of the thrombospondin type 1 module."
J. Biol. Chem. 276:6485-6498(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Histidine-rich glycoprotein inhibits the antiangiogenic effect of thrombospondin-1."
J. Clin. Invest. 107:45-52(2001) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Biophysical characterization, including disulfide bond assignments, of the anti-angiogenic type 1 domains of human thrombospondin-1."
Biochemistry 41:14329-14339(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry."
J. Proteome Res. 4:2070-2080(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry."
J. Proteome Res. 5:1493-1503(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Elucidation of N-glycosylation sites on human platelet proteins: a glycoproteomic approach."
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 5:226-233(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry."
J. Proteome Res. 8:651-661(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Initial characterization of the human central proteome."
BMC Syst. Biol. 5:17-17(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome."
J. Proteomics 96:253-262(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Crystal structure of the TSP-1 type 1 repeats: a novel layered fold and its biological implication."
J. Cell Biol. 159:373-382(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Structure of a thrombospondin C-terminal fragment reveals a novel calcium core in the type 3 repeats."
EMBO J. 23:1223-1233(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The structures of the thrombospondin-1 N-terminal domain and its complex with a synthetic pentameric heparin."
Structure 14:33-42(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Heparin-induced cis- and trans-dimerization modes of the thrombospondin-1 N-terminal domain."
J. Biol. Chem. 283:3932-3941(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]