Glutamate Decarboxylase 2, Acid (GAD2)

GAD65; Pancreatic Islets And Brain,65kDa; 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase; Glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform

SPN	V569
HGNC	4093
MGI	95634
PubMed	14691540
RGD	2653
UniProt	Q05329
Wiki	GAD2

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA and CO2. GAD uses PLP as a cofactor. In mammals, GAD exists in two isoforms encoded by two different genes - Gad1 and Gad2. These isoforms are GAD67 and GAD65 with molecular weights of 67 and 65 kDa, respectively. GAD1 and GAD2 are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a neurotransmitter, GAD2 is also expressed in the pancreas. GAD65 is an enzyme that is produced primarily by pancreatic islet cells. A number of recent studies indicate that patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) often have antibodies to GAD65 and several other islet cell antigens.Both GAD67 and GAD65 are targets of autoantibodies in people who later develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 0.312-20 ng/mL

Reference

"Cloning and primary structure of a human islet isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from chromosome 10."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:8337-8341(1991) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:2115-2119(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD."
Genomics 21:222-228(1994) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Characterization of a linear epitope within the human pancreatic 64-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase and its autoimmune recognition by sera from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients."
Eur. J. Biochem. 212:597-603(1993) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets."
Diabetes 42:1799-1808(1993) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Phosphorylation of serine residues 3, 6, 10, and 13 distinguishes membrane anchored from soluble glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and is restricted to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65alpha."
J. Biol. Chem. 272:1548-1557(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"A combination of three distinct trafficking signals mediates axonal targeting and presynaptic clustering of GAD65."
J. Cell Biol. 158:1229-1238(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"A structural framework for deciphering the link between I-Ag7 and autoimmune diabetes."
Science 288:505-511(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"GABA production by glutamic acid decarboxylase is regulated by a dynamic catalytic loop."
Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 14:280-286(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]