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Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO)

CD107B; INDO; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3 Dioxygenase

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an IFN-gamma inducible 42 kDa enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine. The gene encoding human IDO maps to chromosome 8p12-p11.

IDO, also known as INDO, is an important modulator of immunological responses and protects allogeneic concepti from alloreactive maternal lymphocytes. IDO mediates an interesting inhibitory effect of HeLa cells co-cultured with human PBLs. The ILN-2-induced proliferation response of PBLs is diminished in the presence of HeLa cells while an IDO inhbitor negates this effect. Flow cytometric analysis indicates both mature and immautre CD123-positive dentritic cells suppress T cell activity using IDO.

Organism species: Homo sapiens (Human)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins V287Hu01 Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies MV287Hu22 Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PV287Hu01 Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
LV287Hu71 Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KEV287Hu ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Mus musculus (Mouse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins V287Mu01 Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PV287Mu01 Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KEV287Mu ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rattus norvegicus (Rat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins V287Ra01 Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies MV287Ra21 Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PV287Ra01 Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KEV287Ra ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Canis familiaris; Canine (Dog)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Sus scrofa; Porcine (Pig)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Bos taurus; Bovine (Cattle)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rhesus monkey (Simian)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Chicken (Gallus)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Ovis aries; Ovine (Sheep)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Cavia (Guinea pig )

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Equus caballus; Equine (Horse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Capra hircus; Caprine (Goat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Pan-species (General)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Reference

"Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of human interferon-gamma-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase cDNA."
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:1-8(1990) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Primary structure of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase deduced from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA."
Nucleic Acids Res. 18:367-367(1990) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Gene structure of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase."
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189:530-536(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs."
Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Novel tryptophan catabolic enzyme IDO2 is the preferred biochemical target of the antitumor indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory compound D-1-methyl-tryptophan."
Cancer Res. 67:7082-7087(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Evolution of vertebrate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases."
J. Mol. Evol. 65:705-714(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Crystal structure of human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: catalytic mechanism of O2 incorporation by a heme-containing dioxygenase."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103:2611-2616(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]