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Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1)

CDY; CDY1A; CDY1B; CDY2; Testis-Specific Chromodomain Protein Y 1

Testis-specific chromodomain protein Y 1 is a protein containing a chromodomain and a histone acetyltransferase catalytic domain. Chromodomain proteins are components of heterochromatin-like complexes and can act as gene repressors. This protein is localized to the nucleus of late spermatids where histone hyperacetylation takes place. Histone hyperacetylation is thought to facilitate the transition in which protamines replace histones as the major DNA-packaging protein.
The human chromosome Y has two identical copies of this gene within a palindromic region; this record represents the more telomeric copy. Chromosome Y also contains a pair of closely related genes in another more telomeric palindrome as well as several related pseudogenes.

Organism species: Homo sapiens (Human)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins U477Hu01 Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Mus musculus (Mouse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rattus norvegicus (Rat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Canis familiaris; Canine (Dog)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Sus scrofa; Porcine (Pig)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Bos taurus; Bovine (Cattle)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rhesus monkey (Simian)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Chicken (Gallus)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Ovis aries; Ovine (Sheep)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Cavia (Guinea pig )

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Equus caballus; Equine (Horse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Capra hircus; Caprine (Goat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Pan-species (General)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Chromodomain Protein, Y-Linked 1 (CDY1) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Reference

"Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome."
Science 278:675-680(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Retroposition of autosomal mRNA yielded testis-specific gene family on human Y chromosome."
Nat. Genet. 21:429-433(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Previously uncharacterized histone acetyltransferases implicated in mammalian spermatogenesis."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:8707-8712(2002) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Specificity of the chromodomain Y chromosome family of chromodomains for lysine-methylated ARK(S/T) motifs."
J. Biol. Chem. 283:19626-19635(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Crystal structures of human CDY proteins reveal a crotonase-like fold."
Proteins 76:1054-1061(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]