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Survivin (Surv)

BIRC5; API4; EPR-1; Baculoviral Inhibitor Of Apoptosis Repeat Containing 5; Apoptosis Inhibitor 4; Survivin Variant 3 Alpha

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, which encode negative regulatory proteins that prevent apoptotic cell death. IAP family members usually contain multiple baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domains, but this gene encodes proteins with only a single BIR domain.
The encoded proteins also lack a C-terminus RING finger domain. Gene expression is high during fetal development and in most tumors yet low in adult tissues. Antisense transcripts are involved in the regulation of this gene's expression. At least four transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length natures of only three of them have been determined.

Organism species: Homo sapiens (Human)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins T807Hu01 Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies MT807Hu22 Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PT807Hu01 Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
LT807Hu71 Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
LT807Hu82 FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KET807Hu ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Mus musculus (Mouse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins T807Mu01 Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PT807Mu01 Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits KET807Mu ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rattus norvegicus (Rat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Canis familiaris; Canine (Dog)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Sus scrofa; Porcine (Pig)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Bos taurus; Bovine (Cattle)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Rhesus monkey (Simian)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Chicken (Gallus)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Ovis aries; Ovine (Sheep)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Cavia (Guinea pig )

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Equus caballus; Equine (Horse)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Capra hircus; Caprine (Goat)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Organism species: Pan-species (General)

PRODUCT TYPE CATALOG NO. PRODUCT NAME APPLICATIONS
Proteins NONE Recombinant Survivin (Surv) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE Native Survivin (Surv) Bioactivity
Antibodies NONE Monoclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) IHC, WB
NONE HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Simple Western; WB
NONE PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry
NONE FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Survivin (Surv) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits NONE ELISA Kit for Survivin (Surv) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE CLIA kit for Survivin (Surv) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection

Reference

"A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma."
Nat. Med. 3:917-921(1997) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Survivin-deltaEx3 and survivin-2B: two novel splice variants of the apoptosis inhibitor survivin with different antiapoptotic properties."
Cancer Res. 59:6097-6102(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Survivin and the inner centromere protein INCENP show similar cell-cycle localization and gene knockout phenotype."
Curr. Biol. 10:1319-1328(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Identification of a novel splice variant of the human anti-apoptosis gene survivin."
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 314:902-907(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Molecular cloning and bioinformatics analysis of a novel spliced variant of survivin from human breast cancer cells."
DNA Seq. 16:321-328(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs."
Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"DNA sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the human lineage."
Nature 440:1045-1049(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin."
Nature 396:580-584(1998) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Regulation of apoptosis at cell division by p34cdc2 phosphorylation of survivin."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:13103-13107(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"HBXIP functions as a cofactor of survivin in apoptosis suppression."
EMBO J. 22:2729-2740(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Aurora-B phosphorylation in vitro identifies a residue of survivin that is essential for its localization and binding to inner centromere protein (INCENP) in vivo."
J. Biol. Chem. 279:5655-5660(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Borealin: a novel chromosomal passenger required for stability of the bipolar mitotic spindle."
J. Cell Biol. 166:179-191(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"cIAP1 Localizes to the nuclear compartment and modulates the cell cycle."
Cancer Res. 65:210-218(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Survivin: a protein with dual roles in mitosis and apoptosis."
Int. Rev. Cytol. 247:35-88(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Chromosome alignment and segregation regulated by ubiquitination of survivin."
Science 310:1499-1504(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Survivin mutant (Surv-DD70, 71AA) disrupts the interaction of Survivin with Aurora B and causes multinucleation in HeLa cells."
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 346:400-407(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Survivin mediates targeting of the chromosomal passenger complex to the centromere and midbody."
EMBO Rep. 7:85-92(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Borealin/Dasra B is a cell cycle-regulated chromosomal passenger protein and its nuclear accumulation is linked to poor prognosis for human gastric cancer."
Exp. Cell Res. 312:962-973(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"EVI5 protein associates with the INCENP-aurora B kinase-survivin chromosomal passenger complex and is involved in the completion of cytokinesis."
Exp. Cell Res. 312:2325-2335(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Molecular analysis of survivin isoforms: evidence that alternatively spliced variants do not play a role in mitosis."
J. Biol. Chem. 281:1286-1295(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Uncoupling the central spindle-associated function of the chromosomal passenger complex from its role at centromeres."
Mol. Biol. Cell 17:1897-1909(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Final stages of cytokinesis and midbody ring formation are controlled by BRUCE."
Cell 132:832-845(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein protects cells against death by elevating members of the IAP family of survival proteins."
J. Biol. Chem. 283:648-659(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle."
Mol. Cell 31:438-448(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"A survivin-ran complex regulates spindle formation in tumor cells."
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28:5299-5311(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Acetylation directs survivin nuclear localization to repress STAT3 oncogenic activity."
J. Biol. Chem. 285:36129-36137(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Threonine 48 in the BIR domain of survivin is critical to its mitotic and anti-apoptotic activities and can be phosphorylated by CK2 in vitro."
Cell Cycle 10:538-548(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"PAR, a protein involved in the cell cycle, is functionally related to chromosomal passenger proteins."
Int. J. Oncol. 38:777-785(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Survivin monomer plays an essential role in apoptosis regulation."
J. Biol. Chem. 286:23296-23307(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"ALS2CR7 (CDK15) attenuates TRAIL induced apoptosis by inducing phosphorylation of survivin Thr34."
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 450:129-134(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"CUL9 mediates the functions of the 3M complex and ubiquitylates survivin to maintain genome integrity."
Mol. Cell 54:805-819(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Crystal structure of human survivin reveals a bow tie-shaped dimer with two unusual alpha-helical extensions."
Mol. Cell 6:183-189(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Structure of the human anti-apoptotic protein survivin reveals a dimeric arrangement."
Nat. Struct. Biol. 7:602-608(2000) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Structure of a Survivin-Borealin-INCENP core complex reveals how chromosomal passengers travel together."
Cell 131:271-285(2007) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Phosphorylation of a borealin dimerization domain is required for proper chromosome segregation."
Biochemistry 48:6783-6793(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]