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Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2)
Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2)
CIS2; Cish2; SOCS-2; SSI-2; SSI2; STATI2; Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 2; STAT-induced STAT inhibitor 2
SOCS2 encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS), family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of this gene can be induced by a subset of cytokines, including erythropoietin, GM-CSF, IL10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).
The protein encoded by this gene is found to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), and thus is thought to be involved in the regulation of IGF1R mediated cell signaling. Knockout studies in mice also suggested a regulatory role of this gene in IGF-1 related growth control.
Organism species: Homo sapiens (Human)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
P588Hu01
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
PP588Hu01
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Mus musculus (Mouse)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
Organism species: Canis familiaris; Canine (Dog)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Sus scrofa; Porcine (Pig)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Bos taurus; Bovine (Cattle)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Rhesus monkey (Simian)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Chicken (Gallus)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Ovis aries; Ovine (Sheep)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Cavia (Guinea pig )
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Equus caballus; Equine (Horse)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Capra hircus; Caprine (Goat)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Organism species: Pan-species (General)
PRODUCT TYPE
CATALOG NO.
PRODUCT NAME
APPLICATIONS
Proteins
NONE
Recombinant Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Positive Control; Immunogen; SDS-PAGE; WB.
NONE
Native Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Bioactivity
Antibodies
NONE
Monoclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IP.
NONE
Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) WB; IHC; ICC; IF.
NONE
Biotin Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) ELISA(Det);IC; IH; IH(P); WB
NONE
APC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) IHC, WB
NONE
HRP Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Simple Western; WB
NONE
PE Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry
NONE
FITC Linked-Polyclonal Antibody to Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Flow Cytometry;ICC/IF
Assay Kits
NONE
ELISA Kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Antigen Detection
NONE
CLIA kit for Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) CLIA assay for Antigen Detection
Reference
"Cloning and functional analysis of new members of STAT induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) family: SSI-2 and SSI-3." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237:79-83(1997) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
"Cloning and characterization of novel CIS family genes." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239:439-446(1997) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
"Interaction of human suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-2 with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor." J. Biol. Chem. 273:24095-24101(1998) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs." Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
"Radiation hybrid and cytogenetic mapping of SOCS1 and SOCS2 to chromosomes 16p13 and 12q, respectively." Genomics 61:108-111(1999) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
"Initial characterization of the human central proteome." BMC Syst. Biol. 5:17-17(2011) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
"Crystal structure of the SOCS2-elongin C-elongin B complex defines a prototypical SOCS box ubiquitin ligase." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103:7637-7642(2006) [PubMed ] [Europe PMC ] [Abstract ]
