Transmembrane Protein 173 (TMEM173)

NET23; ERIS; MPYS; MITA; STING; Endoplasmic Reticulum Interferon Stimulator; Stimulator Of Interferon Genes Protein; Mediator of IRF3 activation

SPN	G763
HGNC	27962
MGI	1919762
PubMed	23378430
UniProt	Q86WV6

The deduced 379-amino acid protein has a calculated molecular mass of 42.2 kD. It has 5 putative N-terminal transmembrane domains, a signal cleavage site in the first transmembrane domain, and a leucine-rich region that overlaps the first 4 transmembrane domains. Northern blot analysis detected STING expression in all tissues examined. Confocal microscopy and fractionation analysis of human embryonic kidney 293 cells revealed that STING predominantly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Western blot analysis of 293 cells detected endogenous STING at an apparent molecular mass of 42 kD.STING activated both the NF-kappa-B and IRF3 transcription pathways to induce expression of IFN-alpha (IFNA1) and IFN-beta and exert a potent antiviral effect.

Reference

"The adaptor protein MITA links virus-sensing receptors to IRF3 transcription factor activation."
Immunity 29:538-550(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs."
Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5."
Nature 431:268-274(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling."
Nature 455:674-678(2008) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The ubiquitin ligase RNF5 regulates antiviral responses by mediating degradation of the adaptor protein MITA."
Immunity 30:397-407(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity."
Nature 461:788-792(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"ISG56 is a negative-feedback regulator of virus-triggered signaling and cellular antiviral response."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:7945-7950(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"ERIS, an endoplasmic reticulum IFN stimulator, activates innate immune signaling through dimerization."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:8653-8658(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The ubiquitin ligase TRIM56 regulates innate immune responses to intracellular double-stranded DNA."
Immunity 33:765-776(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP."
Nature 478:515-518(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Nuclear IFI16 induction of IRF-3 signaling during herpesviral infection and degradation of IFI16 by the viral ICP0 protein."
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109:E3008-E3017(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The innate immune DNA sensor cGAS produces a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide that activates human STING."
Cell Rep. 3:1355-1361(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"cGAS produces a 2'-5'-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING."
Nature 498:380-384(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA."
Science 339:826-830(2013) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome."
J. Proteomics 96:253-262(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome."
N. Engl. J. Med. 371:507-518(2014) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Structural analysis of the STING adaptor protein reveals a hydrophobic dimer interface and mode of cyclic di-GMP binding."
Immunity 36:1073-1086(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Cyclic di-GMP sensing via the innate immune signaling protein STING."
Mol. Cell 46:735-745(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Structure of STING bound to cyclic di-GMP reveals the mechanism of cyclic dinucleotide recognition by the immune system."
Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 19:722-724(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"Crystal structures of STING protein reveal basis for recognition of cyclic di-GMP."
Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 19:725-727(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]

"The structural basis for the sensing and binding of cyclic di-GMP by STING."
Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 19:728-730(2012) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract]